Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations

Nearly any statistical software package can be used for calculations concerning a normal distribution, more commonly known as a bell curve.  Excel is equipped with a multitude of statistical tables and formulas, and it is quite straightforward to use one of its functions for a normal distribution.  We will see how to use the NORM.DIST and the NORM.S.DIST functions in Excel. Normal Distributions There is an infinite number of normal distributions. A normal distribution is defined by a particular function in which two values have been determined: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean is any real number that indicates the center of the distribution. The standard deviation is a positive real number that is a measurement of how spread out the distribution is. Once we know the values of the mean and standard deviation, the particular normal distribution that we are using has been completely determined. The standard normal distribution is one special distribution out of the infinite number of normal distributions. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Any normal distribution can be standardized to the standard normal distribution by a simple formula. This is why, typically, the only normal distribution with tabled values is that of the standard normal distribution. This type of table is sometimes referred to as a table of z-scores. NORM.S.DIST The first Excel function that we will examine is the NORM.S.DIST function. This function returns the standard normal distribution. There are two arguments required for the function: â€Å"z† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of z is the number of standard deviations away from the mean. So,  z -1.5 is one and a half standard deviations below the mean. The z-score of z 2 is two standard deviations above the mean. The second argument is that of â€Å"cumulative.† There are two possible values that can be entered here: 0 for the value of the probability density function and 1 for the value of the cumulative distribution function. To determine the area under the curve, we will want to enter a 1 here. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.S.DIST(.25, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? There are two interpretations. The first is that the area under the curve for z less than or equal to 0.25 is 0.5987. The second interpretation is that 59.87 percent of the area under the curve for the standard normal distribution occurs when z is less than or equal to 0.25. NORM.DIST The second Excel function that we will look at is the NORM.DIST function. This function returns the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation. There are four arguments required for the function: â€Å"x,† â€Å"mean,† â€Å"standard deviation,† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of x is the observed value of our distribution. The mean and standard deviation are self-explanatory. The last argument of â€Å"cumulative† is identical to that of the NORM.S.DIST function. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.DIST(9, 6, 12, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? The values of the arguments tell us that we are working with the normal distribution that has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 12. We are trying to determine what percentage of the distribution occurs for x less than or equal to 9. Equivalently, we want the area under the curve of this particular normal distribution and to the left of the vertical line x 9. NORM.S.DIST vs NORM.DIST There are a couple of things to note in the above calculations. We see that the result for each of these calculations was identical. This is because 9 is 0.25 standard deviations above the mean of 6. We could have first converted x 9 into a z-score of 0.25, but the software does this for us. The other thing to note is that we really don’t need both of these formulas. NORM.S.DIST is a special case of NORM.DIST. If we let the mean equal 0 and the standard deviation equal 1, then the calculations for NORM.DIST match those of NORM.S.DIST. For example, NORM.DIST(2, 0, 1, 1) NORM.S.DIST(2, 1).

There Are A Lot Of Different People Within The Education

There are a lot of different people within the education field, and with the different people comes differences in opinions. While there are a lot of opinions I agree with, there are also some that I do not. Two people’s opinions who I definitely do not agree with are Trump and his Secretary of Education, Betsy Devos. Her views are harmful to schools, educators, and students. I disagree with most, if not all, of what she says but especially her views such as privatization and school choice, putting Christianity back in schools and giving states more, power in deciding education. If you look at Devos’ past history in Michigan, you can see that she is all for privatization. She herself went to a private Christian school and so did her†¦show more content†¦I believe that with the privatization of schools, education will decline. Along with privatization of schools, Devos also believes that putting Christianity back in schools is the way to go. In an interview in 2 001, Devos states that â€Å"Our desire is to be in that Shephelah, and to confront the culture in which we all live today in ways that will continue to help advance God’s Kingdom, but not to stay in our own faith territory,† (Wermund, 2016). I think that if a parent and student both desire to go to a private Christian school that is their own choice that I support. I do not think that a child should be forced to go to a school that centers its education around a religion that goes against their beliefs. In the constitution it states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion† (U.S. Constitution). This means that the government cannot establish a nation religion. Since public schools are a government institution that means that they cannot be centered around one religion. Devos wanting to fund charter schools more means that a lot of the charter and private schools will be Christian schools. 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Cystic Fibrosis Essay Example For Students

Cystic Fibrosis Essay Cystic FibrosisCystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait on chromosome 7. Thisdisorder affects chloride transport resulting in abnormal mucus production. This lifelong illness usually gets more severe with age and can affect bothmales and females. Symptoms and severity differ from person to person. Cysticfibrosis is the most common fatal inherited disease among whites and the majorcause of chronic lung disease in children. 50% of people are expected to liveto be 30, but a majority die before age thirteen. 1:2000 whites have cysticfibrosis, 1:17000 blacks, 1:6000 live births, 1:2500 Americans, and 1:20 is acarrier. The genes are inherited in pairs, with one gene coming from each parentto make the pair. Cystic fibrosis occurs when both genes have mutations. Aperson with cystic fibrosis receives one cystic fibrosis gene from each parent. The parents of a child, with cystic fibrosis, each carry one nonworking copy ofthe gene and one working copy of the gene. The parents are called cysticfibrosis carriers, and because they have one working gene they have no symptoms. Carrier parents have 1:4 chance to have a child who is a noncarrier of cysticfibrosis, a 1:2 chance to have a child who carries the gene, and a 1:4 chancewith each pregnancy to have an affected child. If you have a son or daughterwith cystic fibrosis, then you have a 1:1 chance of being a carrier. If you havea brother or sister with CF, you have a 2:3 chance of being a carrier. If youhave a niece or nephew with CF, you have a 1:2 chance of being a carrier. Ifyou have an aunt or uncle with CF, you have a 1:3 chance of being a carrier anda 1:4 chance if you have a 1st cousin with CF. Cystic fibrosis affects the lungs in particular. The secretions arethick and sticky rather than thin and watery. This interferes with the removalof dust and germs. It can lead to lung infections and even chronic lung damage. Air passages become clogged with mucus and there is often widespread obstructionof the bronchioles. Expiration is especially difficult. More and more airbecomes trapped in the lungs, which results in obstructive emphysema. Atelectasis can occur leaving small areas collapsed. Eventually the chestassumes a barrel shape. The right ventricle, which supplies the lungs, maybecome strained and enlarged. Clubbing of the finger and toes may occur due tothe compensation response indicating the chronic lack of oxygen. Cystic fibrosis affects the pancreas. The mucus clogs the duct andblocks the transfer of enzymes from the pancreas to the intestines. Theseenzymes are needed to break down food that is necessary for proper growth andweight gain. The mucus in the digestive tract blocks the absorption ofnecessary nutrients. This is why there is often no weight gain despite goodappetites. This can be associated with failure to thrive. The buttocks andthighs atrophy or waste away due to the fat disappearing from main deposit sites. People usually have light colored stools. There is also decreased bloodcholesterol due to the poor absorption of fats from the intestine. Cystic fibrosis can also affect the reproductive systems. Men areusually sterile due to the mucus blockage or absence of the vas deferens. Womenusually have difficult conceiving, because the mucus interferes with the passageof sperm. Cystic fibrosis is usually diagnosed in childhood. Mild cases may notbe detected until adulthood. Common symptoms include chronic cough, wheezing,cyanosis, difficulty breathing, irritability, excessive mucus production, sinusinfections, nasal polyps, recurrent pneumonia, poor growth, frequent loose foul-smelling stools, enlarged fingertips, and skin that is salty to the taste. Thesweat test is usually used to detect high levels of salt. More than 60m Eq/L ofchloride in sweat up to age 20 is diagnostic of CF when 1 or more criteria arepresent. Levels of 40-60 are highly suggestive. Direct genetic testing orreverse dot-blot can also be used. Amniocentesis is performed between weeks 15-22. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be used to take a piece of placentaltissue between weeks 9-12. Labs are also used in diagnosing CF. There isdecreased pancreatic enzymes trypsin, lipase, and amylase. Absence of trypsinalone is indicative of CF. Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye EssayExpose the buttocks to air when a rash occurs. Pay special attention to thebony areas in order to prevent decubitus ulcers. Change position frequently dueto the lack of fat and muscle. This helps to prevent skin breakdown andpneumonia. Dont leave the person staring at a blank wall. Air deodorant isadvisable to prevent lingering of offensive odors. Light clothing isrecommended to prevent overheating. Loose clothing allows freedom of movement. Good oral hygiene is necessary especially due to dietary deficiencies. Makesure oral hygiene is also performed after postural drainage. Make sureimmunizations are up-to-date and the influenza vaccine is also recommended. CFpatients are usually in isolation to help prevent secondary infections. Allowfor rest. This is very important as is prevention as a whole. CF is hard on children. They often feel different from other childrenand tire easily.It is hard for them to accept restricted activity. They getreally embarrassed about their stools. Give the child straight forward answersregarding his illness to prevent further anxiety. Uninvolved diagrams can behelpful. If he understands, he is more apt to be cooperative. Visiting hoursshould be flexible for parents. You should be considerate and encouraging. Showing undue concern can, however, cause the child to exaggerate and bedemanding for attention. Parents may have knowledge deficit and may need a lot of teaching andexplanation. One of the misconception parents have is that their childsintelligence is greatly decreased. Intelligence is not affected. Parents oftenfeel guilty, since this is an inherited disease. The child spends the majorityof his time at home due to this lengthy illness. The child is also hospitalizedfor complications although stays are short to prevent exposure to otherinfections and illnesses. This puts a financial, physical, and emotional burdenon the family. When do the parents find time for each other, themselves, orother children? How do they distribute their time and energy equally andfairly? Parents need encouragement and reassurance. They also need explicitinstructions. Parent groups can help along with the Natl CF ResearchFoundation and the 1-800-FIGHT-CF hotline. Parents usually need help from asocial worker and financial help for special equipment. Insist parents to gethelp from other family members or friends and encourage them to get away from itall periodically. Alarm clocks can remind them of medication times.